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Template:Contains Indic text

This page contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents modern Sanskrit pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

Sanskrit has many complex phonological processes, called sandhi, which alter sounds because of the presence of neighboring sounds at morpheme or word boundaries. See Sanskrit phonology and Shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Key

Consonants
IPA^[1]	Nagari^[1]	IAST^[1] ^[2]	English approximation
b	ब	b	about
bʱ	भ	bh	abhor ('h' not silent)
c	च	c	roughly like chew
cʰ	छ	ch	Churchill (stress on 'h')
ɖ^[3]	ड	ḍ	roughly like border
ɖʱ^[3]	ढ	ḍh	roughly like birdhouse
d̪^[3]	द	d	this
d̪ʱ^[3]	ध	dh	roughly like old house
ɡ	ग	g	again
ɡʱ	घ	gh	doghouse
ɦ	ह	h	head
j	य	y	yak
ɟ	ज	j	roughly like juice
d͡ʐʱ	झ	jh	roughly like hedgehog
k	क	k	scan
kʰ	ख	kh	can
l	ल	l	leaf
m	म	m	much
n	न	n	tenth
ɳ	ण	ṇ	roughly like burnt ^[4]
ɲ	ञ	ñ	roughly like canyon^[4]
ŋ	ङ	ṅ	bank ^[4]
p	प	p	span
pʰ	फ	ph	pot
r	र	r	three (Scottish English)
s	स	s	sue
ʂ	ष	ṣ	worship
ç	श	ś	shoe
ʈ^[3]	ट	ṭ	art
ʈʰ^[3]	ठ	ṭh	art history
t̪^[3]	त	t	stable
t̪ʰ^[3]	थ	th	boat (RP British English)
ʋ	व	v	between wine and vine

Vowels ^[4]^[5]
IPA	Nagari	IAST^[2]	English approximation
ə	अ, प	a	quota
əi	ऐ, पै	ai	Somewhat like bail
əu	औ, पौ	au	open (British English)
aː	आ, पा	ā	bra
eː	ए, पे	e	Somewhat like wait
h	ः	ḥ	ahead
i	इ, पि	i	happy
iː	ई, पी	ī	feet
l̩	ऌ, पॢ	ḷ	Syllabic ⟨l⟩: bottle
l̩ː	ॡ, पॣ	ḹ	Long syllabic ⟨l⟩
oː	ओ, पो	o	old (Irish English)
r̩	ऋ, पृ	ṛ	Syllabic ⟨r⟩: better (American English)
r̩ː	ॠ, पॄ	ṝ	Long syllabic ⟨r⟩: bird (American English)
u	उ, पु	u	look
uː	ऊ, पू	ū	loot
̃	ँ, ं	ṃ	nasal vowel ([ãː], [õː], etc.) ^[4]

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Nagari	IAST^[2]	English equivalent
ˈ◌			stress (placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː			doubled consonant (placed after doubled consonant)

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
^ ^a ^b ^c Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h To an English-speaker's ear, [ʈ ʈʰ t̪ t̪ʰ] all sound like /t/, and [ɖ ɖʱ d̪ d̪ʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Sanskrit speaker's ear, each is a very different sound. [t̪ d̪] are like the Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth. [t̪ʰ d̪ʱ] are how a Sanskrit speaker hears English [θ ð] (the th and dh sounds). Sanskrit [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth mid-palate. [ʈʰ ɖʱ] are how a Sanskrit speaker hears English t d, and [ʈ] is how they hear the English t after an s (as in st).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
^ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /ai, aːi, au, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: /e, əi, o, əu/. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.

References

Zieba, Maciej; Stiehl, Ulrich (June 9, 2002). "The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit" (PDF). Ulrich Stiehl. Retrieved 27 September 2011.

[inherentv-1] Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.

[comp-2] Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.

[coronal-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h To an English-speaker's ear, [ʈ ʈʰ t̪ t̪ʰ] all sound like /t/, and [ɖ ɖʱ d̪ d̪ʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Sanskrit speaker's ear, each is a very different sound. [t̪ d̪] are like the Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth. [t̪ʰ d̪ʱ] are how a Sanskrit speaker hears English [θ ð] (the th and dh sounds). Sanskrit [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth mid-palate. [ʈʰ ɖʱ] are how a Sanskrit speaker hears English t d, and [ʈ] is how they hear the English t after an s (as in st).

[nasal-4] Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.

[5] Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /ai, aːi, au, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: /e, əi, o, əu/. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 | {{lang|sa|ज}} || j || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like '''j'''uice
 |-
-|<big>{{IPA link|ɟʱ}}</big>
+|<big>{{IPA link|d͡ʐʱ}}</big>
 | {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like he'''dgeh'''og
 |-
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 | {{lang|sa|ष}} || ṣ || align="left"| wo'''rsh'''ip
 |-
-|<big>{{IPA link|ɕ}}</big>
+|<big>{{IPA link|ç}}</big>
 | {{lang|sa|श}} || ś || align="left"| '''sh'''oe
 |-

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Help:IPA/Sanskrit: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:36, 4 July 2017

Key

See also

Notes

References

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